Vocation and Religion free essay sample

A discussion on the way in which Samuel Butler satirizes the idea that ones vocation must be religious or theological in the nature of its calling with reference to his book, The Way of All Flesh. The following paper examines the way in which Butler suggests religion can prove an obstacle to finding an individuals true purpose in life in his book , The Way of All Flesh.References are made to Robert Brownings poem Fra Lippo Lippi. and Tennysons Locksley Hall, in which both the central characters have vocations that are not religiously sanctioned vocations. Before the full flowering of the Victorian Era in British society, the nature of what constituted an individuals vocation was primarily understood primarily in theological terms. Even today, the Merriam Websters Collegiate Dictionary defines the word vocation as a summons or a strong inclination to a particular state or course of action but especially as a divine call to the religious life. We will write a custom essay sample on Vocation and Religion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, the increasing interest in science, history, and secular identity caused Victorian society as a whole to undergo a profound destabilization. Both the religious and social moral structures that had prioritized religion as a means for providing an individual with his or her ideal occupation were called into question. Rather than viewing those called to the clergy as the only recipients of a unique gift or vocation, the idea that religion was the only calling an individual could experience is called into question in a number of Victorian narratives of self-understanding.

The Killing Fields essays

The Killing Fields essays This movie was about a subject that I really had no knowledge about. Basically everything I learned about the subject came from the movie. I thought it was interesting that the U.S. dropped a bomb on a Cambodian city in 1973. The pilot miscalculated where it was supposed to be dropped, and it did quite a bit of damage and angered lots of people. From what I could tell about the movie, the Khmer Rouge actually consisted of several different groups that controlled different parts of the city. Pran is the character in the movie from Cambodia who is kidnapped and sent to the labor camps. It is through him that I learned the most about the killing fields. The Khmer Rouge told the people that God was dead and that there was no God anymore. Pran said that they must honor the children because their minds were not corrupted by the past like the older people. The Khmer Rouge said that 1975 was Year Zero meaning that everything was to start over brand new. Cambodians must completely f orget about pre-revolutionary Cambodia and have no past. Pran had to show no knowledge of his French or English speaking skills, because according to the Khmer Rouge, he had never learned them. Pran said that only the silent survive and there was no questioning of the Khmer Rouge. I couldnt believe how bad the Cambodians had it after the Khmer Rouge took over. At the end of the movie it said that there are still refugee camps on the Thai border and they are crowded with children of the killing fields. I had no idea that the torment in Cambodia had not yet ended. I just cant believe that there are actually people out there like the Khmer Rouge that killed over three million of Cambodias seven million people. ...

Billy Budd Essays - Billy Budd, Billy Kessler, Pale Yellow Skin

Billy Budd Unknown There is much to be said about innocence. If one is with innocence than one can do no wrong. But that is not all to be said. Innocence is not always a good thing. It could make one naive or blind to certain evils. Like in the case of Billy Budd. Billy was innocent from evil and therefore could not see the evil of John Claggart approaching him, out to destroy him. It is known Billy's innocence was his down fall by hiding the true evil from his eyes. But why was John Claggart out to destroy Billy?. There are several reasons why John Claggart attempts to destroy Billy Budd. John Claggart wants to destroy Billy because he is extremely wary of Billy's intentions. He has come to believe that Billy is planning a mutiny and wants to take over the ship. Claggart reports this to captain Vere saying," During today's chase and possible encounter I had seen enough to convince him that at least one sailor aboard was dangerous." Meaning that he felt Billy was against them. Claggart felt that Billy's big plan was to get in favor of all the men on the ship and then turn them against the captain. Captain Vere responds by having Billy and Claggart meet in private where Claggart can openly accuse Billy of this crime. Fortunately, Claggarts attempt to destroy Billy for mutiny fails because he is struck down by Billy in one blow, ending the matter, but opening a much more serious one. Claggart is also seen as attempting to destroy Billy due to his evil nature in general. Nothing depicts Claggart's evil nature better than the way he looks. His cleanly chiseled chin and cunning violet eyes that can cut lesser sailors with an evil glare. His pale yellow skin and jet black curly hair; they all contrast his character. He is out to destroy Billy because of the constant struggle of good and evil. Billy is innocent and cannot comprehend evil therefore making him good. People calling Billy "baby budd, and handsome sailor" just seem to contrast the good in him even more. Claggart was born evil and therefore is evil. Claggart would naturally be out to destroy Billy because he is what he is against. Just good vs. evil in a battle for control. That is why Claggart is naturally out to bring the downfall of Billy Budd. It is very true that jealousy is another reason why John Claggart wanted the destruction of Billy Budd. Claggart was never well liked by the crew he was watching over. This would not have been a problem except that Billy Budd was so very liked by the crew. Every time he saw the love of Billy he was reminded of the dislike of himself. One old sailor on the ship noticed this too and warned Billy by saying, "Jimmy Leggs is down on you". Jimmy Leggs referring to Claggart. One instance which occured in the kitchen just made matters worse when Billy spilled the soup he was making and it ran down the corridor just as Claggart was walking by. Claggart did not openly get angry at Billy for the accident, but inside felt he had done it on purpose. As the soup ran down the corridor it seemed to symbolize an actual line drawn between the two. The resentment Claggart felt for Billy made him look him too critically. That is a good reason why Claggart could have thought Billy was planning a mutiny a nd would want him destroyed. He was just jealous of Billy's popularity. There are several reasons why John Claggart attempts to destroy Billy Budd. One might ask why and come up with the obvious and not so obvious answer, even though we know the real reason for his downfall. That was his innocence. Yes, Billy Budd was innocent of evil, but that innocence is what made him unable to see the evil out to destroy him in Claggart. Too much innocence is not always a good thing, but a little helps from doing wrong. There is quite a bit to be said about innocence.

Introduction to Personal and Professional Practice - Final Assignment Essay

Introduction to Personal and Professional Practice - Final Assignment - Essay Example However, experience alone cannot impact learning outcomes unless an individual is taught how to reflect or look back and apply their experience in the milieu of today’s dynamics. According to Boud et al. (1985, p. 7) experience-based learning is essentially a combination of three distinct phases; preparation, engagement and processing. During the course of the module I realized that real life experiences and happenings influenced my approach towards the learning outcomes the most, specifically in the preparation stage where I gradually began to comprehend then define the targets I associated with and ultimately hoped to achieve through the learning experience. Even though, researchers such as Day (1993) have audaciously asserted that the role of reflection in personal and professional development has proved to be insufficient, I still hold the view that the strong correlation between experience-based learning and structured reflection as established by Boud et al. (1985) is im perative to the achievement of desired outcomes, aims and objectives when undertaking efforts to seek personal and professional enhancement. ... earning experience was greatly enhanced once it was understood that knowledge of personal and professional development and practice has the ability to shape the course of an individual’s career by aiding skill enhancement, developing problem-solving expertise and promoting critical thinking. According to a research conducted by Liaw and Huang (2012), the self-regulation ability of a learner in an e-learning environment is dependent upon two variables; the extent to which the learner is satisfied with the knowledge being offered and the degree to which the learner perceives the learning outcome as useful or of practical application in a workplace setting. It should be noted that based on the aforementioned research, perceived satisfaction and usefulness of e-learning initiatives in the practical world as well as the interactive setting itself can be established as a basic need of learners, the inexistence of which can discourage potential pupils from exercising commitment towar ds successfully completing the module or even opting for it in the first place. Supervisors, mentors and teachers can employ the findings of such studies to identify the specific requirements of learners when designing personal and professional development programs to ensure that participants reap maximum benefits out of the curriculum which has wider applicability in a practical scenario. This part of the essay will discuss the skills and techniques that are required to continue effective learning. Ames and Archer (1988) concluded that motivation processes based on goal-orientation are a critical factor in facilitating effective learning, perhaps because an individual’s efforts that are directed towards the achievement of an objective also revive the notion of self-efficacy that is based upon

Contemporary Marketing Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Contemporary Marketing Practice - Essay Example It is common to hear among the consumers that they are not subjects to marketing strategies. Most consumers never want to admit that advertisements have immense influence on their tastes and preferences as far as purchases are concerned. The researcher states that the concern on this essay is whether in reality this freedom is exercised or customer’s tastes are subject to marketer’s strategies. This study involves the issues of advertisement in relation to increase of obesity in the society. The paper is generally a review of various literatures. In conducting the study, the researcher explored a number of books, magazines and website articles on the relationship between obesity and advertisements. To ensure that the ideas are not from the same school of thoughts, this study involved experts from diversified fields, among them being nutritionists, educators, critical analysts, scholars and healthcares providers. One thing that was very common in all these sources is tha t adverts influences the decision making of the consumers, who tend to buy the products, despite their harmful effects on their bodies. The study drew much information from previous studies, particularly from published online books. In conducting the study, the researcher also explored the advertisement strategies of some prominent companies such as Unilever, Coca-cola, Kraft Foods, PepsiCo, Nestle, General Mills, Kellogg Co. and ConAgra Foods, all of which had one common feature - they all use a significant amount from their coffer in advertisements.

Sales Management Essay Example for Free

Sales Management Essay â€Å"It is any tension which is experienced when one person perceives that one’s needs or desire are likely to be thwarted or frustrated.† Eollett simply defines Conflict as, â€Å"the appearance of difference of opinions, of interest†. Features:– 1. Conflict occurs when individuals are not able to choose among the available alternatives courses of actions. 2. Conflict between two individuals implies that they have conflicting perceptions, values and goals. 3. Conflict is a dynamic process as it indicates a series of events. Each conflict is made up of a series of interlocking conflict episodes. 4. Conflict must be perceived by the parties to it. If no one is aware of a conflict, then it is generally agreed that no conflict exists. LEVELS OF CONFLICT 1. INTRA-PERSONAL CONFLICT: Some conflicts that affect behavior in organizations involve the individual alone. It can be of three of types:  (a) Approach-approach conflict: It occurs when a person must choose between two positive and equally attractive alternatives. An example has to choose between a valued promotion in the organization or a desirable new job with another firm. (b) Avoidance-avoidance conflict: It occurs when a person must choose between two negative and equally unattractive alternatives. An example is being asked either to accept a job transfer to another town in an undesirable location or to have one’s employment with an organization terminated. (c) Approach-avoidance conflict: It occurs when a person must describe to do something that has both positive and negative consequences. An example is being offered a higher paying job whose responsibilities entail unwanted demand on one’s personal time. 2. INTER-PERSONAL CONFLICT: It occurs between two or more individuals who are in opposition to one another. It may be substantive or emotional or both. 3. INTER-GROUP CONFLICT: It occurs among members of different teams or groups. 4. INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT: It occurs as the competition and rivalry that characterizes firms operating in the same markets. CONFLICT PROCESS The process of conflict management has the following steps:– STAGE 1 :– POTENTIAL OPPOSITION OR INCOMPATIBILITY This stage concludes the conditions that create opportunities for conflict to arise. The conditions are as follows: 1. Communication :– Communication becomes a source of conflict due to semantic difficulties, misunderstandings, and â€Å"noise† (distortion) in the communication channels. 2. Structure :– The term structure includes variables such as size, degree of specialization, jurisdictional clarity, member-goal compatibility, leadership styles, reward systems, and the degree of dependence. 3. Personal Variables: – Personal Variables include individual value systems and personality characteristics. Certain personality types lead to potential conflict. STAGE 2 :– COGNITION AND PERSONALIZATION Antecedent conditions lead to conflict only when the parties are affected by and aware of it. Conflict is personalized when it is felt and when individuals become emotionally involved. STAGE 3 :– INTENTIONS The primary conflict-handling intentions are represented as follows:– 1.Cooperativeness :– â€Å"the degree to which one party attempts to satisfy the other party’s concern.† 2. Assertiveness: – â€Å"the degree to which one party attempts to satisfy his or her own concerns.† 3. Competing :– When one person seeks to satisfy his or her own interests, regardless of the impact on the other parties to the conflict. 4. Collaborating :– When the parties to conflict each desire to fully satisfy the concerns of all parties. 5. Avoiding: – A person may recognize that a conflict exists and want to withdraw from it or suppress it. 6. Accommodating: – When one party seeks to appease an opponent, that party is willing to be self-sacrificing. 7. Compromising: – When each party to the conflict seeks to give up something, sharing occurs, resulting in a compromised outcome. STAGE 4 :– BEHAVIOUR The behavior stage includes the statements, actions and reactions made by the conflicting parties. This conflict behavior s are usually overt attempts to implement each party’s intentions. STAGE 5 :– OUTCOMES Outcome may be functional—improving group performance or dysfunctional. Functional Outcomes are: 1. Improves the quality of decisions 2. Stimulates creativity and innovation. 3. Encourages interest. 4. Provides the medium through which problems can be solved and tensions released. Dysfunctional Outcomes are: 1. Undesirable consequences include a retarding of communications. 2. Reductions in group cohesiveness. CONFLICT MANAGEMENT APPROACHES These are two types of conflict management approaches Direct Conflict management approaches There are five approaches to direct conflict management. They are based on the relative emphasis on cooperativeness and assertiveness in the relationship between the conflicting parties. They are as follows: 1. Avoidance 2. Accommodation 3. Compromise 4. Competition 5. Collaboration Indirect Conflict management approaches It includes reduced interdependence, appeals to common goals, hierarchical referral and alterations in the use of scripts. Hierarchical referral means conflicts are reported to the senior levels to solve.

Costcos Unorthodox Management Essay -- Costcos Success

The success of a company all falls on the shoulders of good management. If you have great management the company will run very smoothly. There are so many things that take place when you have good management. It encourages initiative, encourages innovation, helps with growth and expansion, improves the life of workers, motivates employees and much more. Without good management there would be no success. Costco is the company that I have chosen to write about in this essay. Costco is a membership only warehouse club that provides a huge merchandise selection. They are the second largest retailer in United States. Costco had 2.3 million members in 2009 and in the year of 2011 they had four million members sign up. It’s not just their attractive bargains that persuade people to become a member. It is also their management style. It is the environment at Costco and the attitude of the company that also sells them on a membership. Costco is a very successful company that will continue to rise and become even more successful in the future, all because of the management. It is inevitable that Costco has to have a great management style because the company is so large and is doing so well. How do they keep the company running great though? How do they keep their employees and customers happy, while making money at the same time? In this essay we will find out how the CEO’s and managers run this company. We will learn the style of management and how Costco keeps the employees and customers happy. â€Æ' Costco Wholesale was founded on September 15, 1983 by Jeffery H. Brottman and James Sinegal. There are fifteen people on the board of directors, Jeffery H. Brottman is the chairman at Costco whole sale. He is on the board of director ... ... customers, it all improves Costco that much more. The management at Costco has made their success soar sky high. The success is still rising today. With their great management that is being instilled, Costco’s success will continue to progress. In conclusion, I believe that the board of director’s ways of managing this company is brilliant. They have great technique’s that will continue to carry the company to the top. All of these techniques that Costco uses are the reasoning behind their success. This is why I believe their success will only progress. They are great to their employees, customers and partners and that is why their company will do even better in the future. Works Cited http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=83830&p=irol-homeprofile https://www.openforum.com/articles/what-costco-ceo-james-sinegal-can-teach-you-about-management/ Costco's Unorthodox Management Essay -- Costco's Success The success of a company all falls on the shoulders of good management. If you have great management the company will run very smoothly. There are so many things that take place when you have good management. It encourages initiative, encourages innovation, helps with growth and expansion, improves the life of workers, motivates employees and much more. Without good management there would be no success. Costco is the company that I have chosen to write about in this essay. Costco is a membership only warehouse club that provides a huge merchandise selection. They are the second largest retailer in United States. Costco had 2.3 million members in 2009 and in the year of 2011 they had four million members sign up. It’s not just their attractive bargains that persuade people to become a member. It is also their management style. It is the environment at Costco and the attitude of the company that also sells them on a membership. Costco is a very successful company that will continue to rise and become even more successful in the future, all because of the management. It is inevitable that Costco has to have a great management style because the company is so large and is doing so well. How do they keep the company running great though? How do they keep their employees and customers happy, while making money at the same time? In this essay we will find out how the CEO’s and managers run this company. We will learn the style of management and how Costco keeps the employees and customers happy. â€Æ' Costco Wholesale was founded on September 15, 1983 by Jeffery H. Brottman and James Sinegal. There are fifteen people on the board of directors, Jeffery H. Brottman is the chairman at Costco whole sale. He is on the board of director ... ... customers, it all improves Costco that much more. The management at Costco has made their success soar sky high. The success is still rising today. With their great management that is being instilled, Costco’s success will continue to progress. In conclusion, I believe that the board of director’s ways of managing this company is brilliant. They have great technique’s that will continue to carry the company to the top. All of these techniques that Costco uses are the reasoning behind their success. This is why I believe their success will only progress. They are great to their employees, customers and partners and that is why their company will do even better in the future. Works Cited http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=83830&p=irol-homeprofile https://www.openforum.com/articles/what-costco-ceo-james-sinegal-can-teach-you-about-management/

Water fluoridation

AbstractionThe safety and efficaciousness of H2O fluoridization has been a subject of great contention throughout America ‘s communities. Scientific grounds has shown that consuming low to moderate degrees of fluoride can profit the dental wellness of a community, particularly those populations in a community that may be classified as holding low socioeconomic position. Children in all countries, but particularly those with low SES, are at greatest hazard for developing dental cavities and holding a community H2O fluoridization plan ( CWFP ) will assist them cut down their dental cavities. Moderation of fluoride consumption for persons is the cardinal. Low to chair day-to-day consumption of fluoride, averaging 1.0 mg/liter per twenty-four hours is optimal. Dental and skeletal fluorosis can happen if consumption degrees are greater than 3.0 mg/liter per twenty-four hours for long periods of clip. This is a treatment on the safety and efficaciousness of H2O fluoridization.Introdu ctionThis commentary presents the ongoing contention on community H2O fluoridization in the United States, and I will try to analyse science-based grounds in support of H2O fluoridization. There have ever been inquiries on the safety and efficaciousness of fluoride in imbibing H2O, some school of idea believes that fluoridization has some inauspicious effects to exposed human populations, particularly in babies and kids. Another school of idea believes that H2O fluoridization is indispensable in forestalling tooth decay, and hence the pattern should be sustained. Harmonizing to the Center for Disease Control and bar ( CDC ) H2O fluoridization is one of the 10 great public wellness accomplishments of the twentieth century in the United States ( CDC, 1999 ) , which is attributable for increased lifetime of Americans by 25 old ages ( Bunker et al. , 1994 ) . This paper will discourse science-based grounds that proves the efficaciousness and safety of H2O fluoridization among kids every bit good as offer some recommendations to the assorted stakeholders.POSITION STATEMENTWater fluoridization is the accommodation of the concentration degree to the optimally regulated degree of which the of course happening fluoride nowadayss in public or community imbibing H2O supplies. In most instances, deflouridation is needed when the of course happening fluoride degree exceeds recommended bounds. The recommended fluoride concentration in imbibing H2O by the U.S. Public Health Service ( PHS ) is 0.7-1.2mg/L, to efficaciously forestall dental cavities and minimise the happening of dental fluorosis ( NRC, 2006 ) . Low decay rates were found to be associated with uninterrupted usage of H2O with fluoride content of 1ppm ( Meskin, 1995 ) . There has been serious inquiries as to the efficaciousness of fluoride intercession in forestalling both tooth decay, as it benefit is said to be simply decorative or topical ( CDC, 1999 ) . Such topical consequence of fluoride can be achieved by the usage tooth without the put on the lining the overexposure from ingested fluoride ( NRC, 2006 ) . However, it has besides been reported that fluoride exposure provides both systemic and topical protection. Ingested fluoride deposited on tooth surface during tooth formation, and fluoride contained in saliva provides durable systemic protection against booth tooth decay than topical application utilizing tooth paste or fluoride froths ( CDC, 2001 ) .WHAT IS FLUORIDEFluoride is a of course happening component. It is found in stones and dirt everyplace. Fluoride can be found in fresh H2O and ocean H2O. Naturally happening fluoride degrees ranges from 0.1ppm to over 12ppm ( NRC, 2006 ) .Fluoride is present in the customary diets of people and in most portable H2O beginnings. The mean dietetic consumption of fluoride is about 0.5mg daily from either of course happening fluoride in the H2O or the fluoride found in green goods. It is besides a normal constituent of tooth enamel and bone surveies have shown that the calcified tissues of both enamel and bone are made up of a combination of hydroxyl- and fluor-apatites of changing composing depending on the copiousness of fluoride at the site of formation. These tissues are the chief sites of deposition of fluoride ( NRC, 2006 ) .HOW FLUORIDE PREVENTS AND CONTROLS DENTAL CARIESDental cavities is an infective, catching disease in which bacterial byproducts ( i.e. , acids ) dissolve the difficult surfaces of dentitions. Unchecked, the bacteriums can perforate the dissolved surface, attack the underlying dentin, and reach the soft mush tissue. Dental cavities can ensue in loss of tooth construction, hurting, and tooth loss and can come on to acute systemic infection. Cryogenic bacteriums ( i.e. , bacteriums that cause dental cavities ) reside in dental plaque, a gluey organic matrix of bacteriums, nutrient dust, dead mucosal cells, and salivary constituents that adheres to tooth enamel. Plaque besides contains minerals, chiefly Ca and P, every bit good as proteins, polyoses, saccharides, and lipoids. Cryogenic bacteriums colonize on tooth surfaces and bring forth polyoses that enhance attachment of the plaque to enamel. Left undisturbed, plaque will turn and harbour increasing Numberss of cryogenic bacteriums. An initial measure in the formation of a carious lesion takes topographic point when cryogenic bacteriums in dental plaque metabolise a substrate from the diet ( e.g. , sugars and other fermentable saccharides ) and the acid produced as a metabolic byproduct demineralizes ( i.e. , begins to fade out ) the next enamel crystal surface ( CDC,2009 ) . Demineralization involves the loss of Ca, phosphate, and carbonate. These minerals can be captured by environing plaque and be available for re-uptake by the enamel surface. Fluoride, when nowadays in the oral cavity, is besides retained and concentrated in plaque. Fluoride works to command early dental cavities in several ways. Fluoride concentrated in plaque and spit inhibits the demineralisation of sound enamel and enhances the remineralization ( i.e. , recovery ) of demineralized enamel ( Featherstone, 1999 & A ; Koulourides, 1990 ) . As cryogenic bacteriums metabolise saccharides and produce acid, fluoride is released from dental plaque in response to lowered pH at the tooth-plaque interface. The released fluoride and the fluoride nowadays in spit are so taken up, along with Ca and phosphate, by de-mineralized enamel to set up an improved enamel crystal construction. This improved construction is more acerb resistant and contains more fluoride and less carbonate ( Featherstone, 1999 ) . Fluoride is more readily taken up by demineralized enamel than by sound enamel. Cycles of demineralisation and remineralization continue throughout the life-time of the tooth. Fluoride besides inhibits dental cavities by impacting the activity of cryogenic bacteriums. As fluoride dressed ores in dental plaque, it inhibits the procedure by which cryogenic bacteriums metabolise saccharides to bring forth acid and affects bacterial production of adhesive polyoses. In research lab surveies, when a low concentration of fluoride is invariably present, one type of cryogenic bacteriums, Streptococcus mutans, produces less acid. Whether this decreased acid production reduces the carcinogenicity of these bacteriums in worlds is ill-defined ( Van Loveren, 1990 ) . Saliva is a major bearer of topical fluoride. The concentration of fluoride in ductal spit, as it is secreted from salivary secretory organs, is low — – about 0.016 parts per million ( ppm ) in countries where imbibing H2O is fluoridated and 0.006ppm in non fluoridated countries. This concentration of fluoride is non likely to impact cryogenic activity. However, imbibing fluoridated H2O, brushing with fluoride toothpaste, or utilizing other fluoride dental merchandises can raise the concentration of fluoride in saliva nowadays in the oral cavity 100- to 1,000-fold. The concentration returns to old degrees within 1 — 2 hours but, during this clip, saliva serves as an of import beginning of fluoride for concentration in plaque and for tooth remineralization ( Murray,1993 ) . Using fluoride gel or other merchandises incorporating a high concentration of fluoride to the dentition leaves a impermanent bed of Ca fluoride-like stuff on the enamel surface. The fluoride in this stuff is released when the pH drops in the oral cavity in response to acid production and is available to remineralize enamel. In the earliest yearss of fluoride research, research workers hypothesized that fluoride affects enamel and inhibits dental cavities merely when incorporated into developing dental enamel ( i.e. , preeruptively, before the tooth erupts into the oral cavity ) ( Murray,1993 ) . Evidence supports this hypothesis, but separating a true preeruptive consequence after teeth erupt into a oral cavity where topical fluoride exposure occurs on a regular basis is hard. However, a high fluoride concentration in sound enamel can non entirely explicate the pronounced decrease in dental cavities that fluoride produces. The prevalence of dental cavities in a population is non reciprocally related to the concentration of fluoride in enamel, and a higher concentration of enamel fluoride is non needfully more efficacious in forestalling dental cavities ( Mcdonagh etal.,2000 ) . The research lab and epidemiologic research that has led to the better apprehension of how fluoride prevents dental cavities indicates that fluoride ‘s prevailing consequence is post eruptive and topical and that the consequence depends on fluoride being in the right sum in the right topographic point at the right clip. Fluoride works chiefly after dentitions have erupted, particularly when little sums are maintained invariably in the oral cavity, specifically in dental plaque and spit ( Mcdonagh etal. , 2000 ) . Therefore, grownups besides benefit from fluoride, instead than merely kids, as was antecedently assumed.Hazard FOR DENTAL CARIESThe prevalence and badness of dental cavities in the United States have decreased well during the predating 3 decennaries. National studies have reported that the prevalence of any dental cavities among kids aged 12 — 17 old ages declined from 90.4 % in 1971 — 1974 to 67 % in 1988 — 1991 ; badness ( measured as the averag e figure of rotten, losing, or filled dentitions ) declined from 6.2 to 2.8 during this period ( Burt, 1989 ) . These lessenings in cavities prevalence and badness have been uneven across the general population ; the load of disease now is concentrated among certain groups and individuals. For illustration, 80 % of the dental cavities in lasting dentitions of U.S. kids aged 5 — 17 old ages occurs among 25 % of those kids. Populations believed to be at increased hazard for dental cavities are those with low socioeconomic position ( SES ) or low degrees of parental instruction, those who do non seek regular alveolar consonant attention, and those without dental insurance or entree to dental services ( Meskin,1995 ) . Persons can be at high hazard for dental cavities even if they do non hold these recognized factors. Children and grownups who are at low hazard for dental cavities can keep that position through frequent exposure to little sums of fluoride ( e.g. , imbibing fluoridated H2O and utilizing fluoride toothpaste ) . Children and grownups at high hazard for dental cavities might profit from extra exposure to fluoride ( e.g. , oral cavity rinse, dietetic addendums, and professionally applied merchandises ) . All available information on hazard factors should be considered before a group or individual is identified as being at low or high hazard for dental cavities. However, when categorization is unsure, handling a individual as high hazard is prudent until farther information or experience allows a more accurate appraisal. This premise increases the immediate cost of cavities bar or intervention and might increase the hazard for enamel fluorosis for kids aged & lt ; 6 old ages, but reduces the hazard for dental cavities for groups or individuals misclassified as low hazard. The 1986 †” 1987 National Survey of Dental Caries in U.S. School Children ( the most recent national estimations of enamel fluorosis prevalence ) indicated that the prevalence of any enamel fluorosis among kids was 22 % — 23 % ( scope: 26 % of kids aged 9 old ages to 19 % of those aged 17 old ages ) ( Brunelle,1987 ) .NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR FLUORIDE USEPHS recommendations for fluoride usage include an optimally adjusted concentration of fluoride in community imbibing H2O to maximise cavities bar and bound enamel fluorosis. This concentration ranges from 0.7ppm to 1.2ppm depending on the mean maximal day-to-day air temperature of the country ( PHS, 1991 ) . In 1991, PHS besides issued policy and research recommendations for fluoride usage. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , which is responsible for the safety and quality of imbibing H2O in the United States, sets a maximal allowable bound for fluoride in community imbibing H2O at 4ppm and a secondary bound ( i.e. , no n-enforceable guideline ) at 2ppm ( EPA,1998 ) . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) is responsible for O.K.ing prescription and nonprescription fluoride merchandises marketed in the United States and for puting criterions for labeling bottled H2O and nonprescription fluoride merchandises ( e.g. , toothpaste and oral cavity rinse ) ( ADA,2007 ) . Nonfederal bureaus besides have published guidelines on fluoride usage. The American Dental Association ( ADA ) reviews fluoride merchandises for cavities prevention through its voluntary Seal of Acceptance plan ; accepted merchandises are listed in the ADA Guide to Dental Therapeutics ( ADA, 2007 ) . A dose agenda for fluoride addendums for babies and kids aged& lt ;16 old ages, which is scaled to the fluoride concentration in the community imbibing H2O, has been jointly recommended by ADA, the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry ( AAPD ) , and the American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP ) ( Meskin,1995 ) . In 1997, the Institute of Medicine published age-specific recommendations for entire dietetic consumption of fluoride. These recommendations list equal consumption to forestall dental cavities and tolerable upper consumption, defined as a degree improbable to present hazard for inauspicious effects in about all individuals.COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF FLUORIDE MODALITIESDocumented effe ctivity is the most basic demand for supplying a health-care service and an of import requirement for preventative services ( e.g. , caries-preventive modes ) . However, effectiveness entirely is non a sufficient ground to originate a service. Other factors, including cost, must be considered. A mode is more cost-efficient when deemed a less expensive manner, from among viing options, of run intoing a stated aim ( Garcia,1989 ) . In public wellness planning, finding of the most cost-efficient option for bar is indispensable to utilizing scarce resources expeditiously. Dental-insurance bearers are besides interested in cost-effectiveness so they can assist buyers utilize financess expeditiously. Because half of dental outgos are out of pocket ( Garcia, 1989 ) , this subject involvements patients and their tooth doctors every bit good. Potential betterment to quality of life is besides a consideration. The part of a healthy teething to quality of life at any age has non been quantifie d, but is likely valued by most individuals. Although solid informations on the cost-effectiveness of fluoride modes entirely and in combination are needed, this information is scarce. In 1989, the Cost Effectiveness of Caries Prevention in Dental Public Health workshop, which was attended by wellness economic experts, epidemiologists, and dental public wellness professionals, attempted to measure the cost-effectiveness of caries-preventive attacks available in the United States ( Downer et al. , 1981 ) .Community Water FluoridationHealth economic experts at the 1989 workshop on cost-effectiveness of cavities bar calculated that the mean one-year cost of H2O fluoridization in the United States was $ 0.51 per individual ( scope: $ 0.12 — $ 5.41 ) ( Burt, 1989 ) . In 1999 dollars, this cost would be $ 0.72 per individual ( scope: $ 0.17 — $ 7.62 ) . Factors reported to act upon the per capita cost included:size of the community ( the larger the population reached, the lower the per capita cost ) ;figure of fluoride injection points in the H2O supply system ;sum and type of system feeder and monitoring equipment used ;sum and type of fluoride chemical used, its monetary value, and its costs of transit and storage ; andexpertness of forces at the H2O works.When the effects of cavities are repaired, the monetary value of the Restoration is based on the figure of tooth surfaces affected. A tooth can hold cavities at & gt ; 1 location ( i.e. , surface ) , so the figure of surfaces saved is a more appropriate step in ciphering cost-effectiveness than the figure of dentitions with cavities. The 1989 workshop participants concluded that H2O fluoridization is one of the few public wellness steps that consequences in true cost nest eggs ( i.e. , the step saves more money than it costs to run ) ; in the United States, H2O fluoridization cost an estimated norm of $ 3.35 per carious surface saved ( $ 4.71 in 1999 dollars ) . Even under the least favourable premises in 1989 ( i.e. , metropoliss with populat ions & lt ; 10,000, higher operating costs, and effectiveness projected at the low terminal of the scope ) , the cost of a carious surface saved because of community H2O fluoridization ranged from $ 8 to $ 12 ( $ 11 — $ 17 in 1999 dollars ) , which is still lower than the fee for a one-surface Restoration ( $ 54 in 1995 or $ 65 in 1999 dollars ) ( ADA, 2005 ) . A Scots survey conducted in 1980 reported that community H2O fluoridization resulted in a 49 % salvaging in dental intervention costs for kids aged 4 — 5 old ages and a 54 % salvaging for kids aged 11 — 12 old ages ( Downer et al. , 1981 ) . These nest eggs were maintained even after the secular diminution in the prevalence of dental cavities was recognized. The consequence of community H2O fluoridization on the costs of dental attention for grownups is less clear. This subject can non be to the full explored until the coevalss who grew up imbibing optimally fluoridated H2O are older.School Water FluoridationCostss for school H2O fluoridization are similar to those of any public H2O supply system functioning a little population ( i.e. , & lt ; 1,000 individuals ) . In 1988, the mean one-year cost of school H2O fluoridization was $ 4.52 per pupil per twelvemonth ( scope: $ 0.81 — $ 9.72 ) ( Garcia,1989 ) . In 1999 dollars, this cost would be $ 6.37 per individual ( scope: $ 1.14 — $ 13.69 ) . Use of this mode must be carefully weighed in the current environment of low cavities prevalence, widespread usage of fluoride toothpaste, and handiness of other fluoride modes that can be delivered in the school scene ( Garcia, 1989 ) .Appraisal of the Adverse Health Effects of fluorideEvidence of the inauspicious wellness effects of drawn-out exposure to high concentrations of fluoride are good documented by several equal reviewed surveies, which are examined in this paper. Higher concentrations of entire ingested fluoride from possible beginnings like imbibing H2O, nutrient and drinks, dental-hygiene merchandises such as toothpaste, and pesticide residues can hold inauspicious wellness effects on worlds ( NRC, 2006 ) . Some of the inauspicious wellness effects of fluoride in imbibing H2O are enamel fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, bone malignant neoplastic disease and bone break. ( NRC, 2006, PHS, 1991 ) . Fluorosis is caused chiefly by the cons umption of fluoride in imbibing H2O ( Viswanathan et al. , 2009 ) . Fluoride has high binding affinity for developing enamel and as such high concentration of cumulative fluoride during tooth formation can take to enamel fluorosis, a dental status from mild to severe signifier characterized by brown discolorations, enamel loss and surface roughness ( DenBesten & A ; Thariani, 1992 ) . These dental effects are believed to be caused by the effects of fluoride on the breakdown rates of early-secreted matrix proteins, and on the rates at which the degraded byproducts are withdrawn from the maturating enamel ( Aoba & A ; Fejerskov, 2002 ) . Children are much more at hazard of enamel fluorosis, particularly in their critical period from 6 to 8 old ages of age, than grownups. Fluoride uptake into enamel is possible merely as a consequence of accompaniment enamel disintegration, such as cavities development ( Fejerskov, Larsen, Richards, & A ; Baelum, 1994 ) . There is a 10 % prevalence of enamel fluorosis among U.S. kids in communities with H2O fluoride concentrations at or near the EPA ‘s MCLG of 4 mg/L ( NRC, 2006 ) . The CDC estimates that 32 % of U.S. kids are diagnosed with dental fluorosis ( CDC, 2005 ) . Today, there are converting grounds that enamel fluorosis is a toxic consequence of fluoride consumption, and that its terrible signifiers can bring forth inauspicious alveolar consonant effects, and non merely inauspicious decorative effects in worlds ( NRC, 2006 ) . Burt and Eklund ( 1999 ) provinces: â€Å"The most terrible signifiers of fluorosis manifest as to a great extent stained, pitted, and crumbly enamel that can ensue in loss of dental function† . Epidemiologic information from both experimental and clinical surveies have been examined. Sowers, Whitford, Clark & A ; Jannausch ( 2005 ) investigated prospectively for four old ages bone break in relation to fluoride concentrations in imbibing H2O in a cohort survey, by mensurating serum fluoride concentrations and bone denseness of the hip, radius, and spinal column. The writers reported higher serum fluoride concentrations in the communities with fluoride concentrations at 4 mg/L in imbibing H2O ; and higher osteoporotic break rates in the high fluoride countries that were similar to those in their old surveies in 1986 and 1991. It is ill-defined in their recent survey whether bing factors in the population like smoking rates, endocrine replacing and physical activity were examined as possible cofounders for breaks. Fasting serum fluoride concentrations are considered a good step of long-run exposure and of bone fluoride concentrations ( Whitford, 1994 ; Clarkson et al. , 2000 ) . Findingss by the Sowers surveies were complemented in several ways by Li et Al. ( 2001 ) in a retrospective cohort ecologic survey. The combined findings of Sowers et Al. ( 2005 ) and Li et al. , ( 2001 ) lend support to the biological gradients of exposures and break hazard between 1 and 4 mg/L of fluoride concentration. Obviously, the physiological consequence of fluoride on â€Å"bone quality† and the breaks observed in the referenced animate being surveies are consistent with the effects found in the experimental surveies.RecommendationBefore advancing a fluoride mode or combination of modes, the dental-care or other health-care supplier must see a individual ‘s or group ‘s hazard for dental cavities, current usage of other fluoride beginnings, and potency for enamel fluorosis. Although these recommendations are based on appraisals of cavities risk as low or high, the health-care supplier might besides distinguish among patients at high hazard and supply mo re intensive intercessions as needed. Besides, a hazard class can alter over clip ; the type and frequence of preventative intercessions should be adjusted consequently.Continue and Extend Fluoridation of Community Drinking WaterCommunity H2O fluoridization is a safe, effectual, and cheap manner to forestall dental cavities. This mode benefits individuals in all age groups and of all SES, including those hard to make through other public wellness plans and private alveolar consonant attention ( CDC, 2001a ) . Community H2O fluoridization besides is the most cost-efficient manner to forestall tooth decay among populations populating in countries with equal community H2O supply systems. Continuance of community H2O fluoridization for these populations and its acceptance in extra U.S. communities are the foundation for sound caries-prevention plans. In contrast, the rightness of fluoridizing stand-alone H2O systems that supply single schools is limited. Widespread usage of fluoride toothpaste, handiness of other fluoride modes that can be delivered in the school scene, and the current environment of low cavities prevalence limit the rightness of fluoridizing school imbibing H2O at 4.5 times the optimum concentration for community imbibing H2O. Decisions to originate or go on school fluoridization plans should be based on an appraisal of present cavities hazard in the mark school ( s ) , alternate preventative modes that might be available, and periodic rating of plan effectivity ( CDC, 2001a ) .Frequently Use Small Sums of FluorideAll individuals should have frequent exposure to little sums of fluoride, which minimizes dental cavities by suppressing demineralisation of tooth enamel and easing tooth remineralization. This exposure can be readily accomplished by imbibing H2O with an optimum fluoride concentration and brushing with fluoride toothpaste twice daily ( CDC, 2001a ) .Supervise Use of Fluoride Toothpaste among Children Aged & lt ; 6 Old agesChildren ‘s dentition should be cleaned daily from the clip the dentitions erupt in the oral cavity. Parents and health professionals should confer with a tooth doctor or other health-care supplier before presenting a kid aged & lt ; 2 old ages to fluoride toothpaste. Parents and health professionals of kids aged & lt ; 6 old ages who use fluoride toothpaste should follow the waies on the label, topographic point no more than a pea-sized sum ( 0.25 g ) of toothpaste on the toothbrush, brush the kid ‘s dentition ( recommended peculiarly for preschool-aged kids ) or oversee the tooth brushing, and promote the kid to ptyalize extra toothpaste into the sink to minimise the sum swallowed. Indiscriminate usage can ensue in accidental swallowing of more fluoride than is recommended ( CDC, 2001a ) .Use an Alternative Source of Water for Children Aged& lt ;8 Old ages Whose Primary Drinking Water Contains & gt ; 2 ppm FluorideIn some parts in the United States, community H2O supply systems and place Wellss contain a natural concentration of fluoride & gt ; 2ppm. At this concentration, kids aged& lt ;8 old ages are at increased hazard for developing enamel fluorosis, including the moderate and terrible signifiers, and should hold an alternate beginning of imbibing H2O, sooner one incorporating fluoride at an optimum concentration. In countries where community H2O supply systems contain & gt ; 2ppm but & lt ; 4ppm fluoride, EPA requires that each family be notified yearly of the desirableness of utilizing an alternate beginning of H2O for kids aged& lt ;8 old ages. For households having H2O from place Wellss, proving is necessary to find the natural fluoride concentration ( CDC, 2001a ) .Label the Fluoride Concentration of Bottled WaterManufacturers of bottled H2O should label the fluoride concentration of their merchandises. Such labeling will let consumers to do informed determinations and tooth doctors, dental hygienists, and other health-care professionals to suitably rede patients sing fluoride consumption and usage of fluoride merchandises ( CDC, 2001 ) .CONCLUDING POSITION STATEMENTWhen used suitably, fluoride is a safe and effectual agent that can be used to forestall and command dental cavities. Fluoride has contributed deeply to the improved dental wellness of individuals in the United States and othe r states. Fluoride is needed on a regular basis throughout life to protect dentitions against tooth decay. To guarantee extra additions in unwritten wellness, H2O fluoridization should be extended to extra communities, and fluoride toothpaste should be used widely. Adoption of these and other recommendations in this paper could take to considerable nest eggs in public and private resources without compromising fluoride ‘s significant benefit of improved dental wellness. What is consistent from the literature reappraisal is the fact that babies and kids are much more at hazard of overexposure and the development of inauspicious wellness effects. A community H2O fluoridization plan ( CWFP ) is really safe and efficient, non merely in footings of cut downing dental cavities, but besides on the community ‘s budget ( CDC, 2001a ) . A CWFP can particularly assist those communities who have populations in the low SES class. These populations have kids whose parents or defenders do n't ever hold entree to dental insurance and so regular alveolar consonant medical examination to control the dental cavities is non ever an option. Reducing dental cavities before they lead into more utmost unwritten morbidity can be really good to these kids. Implementing a fluoridated H2O plan can besides be good to a whole community in footings of salvaging communities 1000s and 1000000s of dollars. Implementing a H2O plan would follow rigorous guidelines set by the EPA, so the optimal degree of fluoride would be followed, remaining in the scope of 0.7 to 1.2, where people would consume no more than an norm of 1 mg/liter of fluoride per twenty-four hours. Moderation is the key. There are surveies corroborating that consumption of fluoride greater than the optimal degree could bring forth dental fluorosis. Though unconfirmed by surveies, single studies have even suggested that consumption of fluoride & gt ; 8 mg/liter per twenty-four hours over a long period of clip could bring forth skeletal fluorosis. However, with proper surveillance and coverage of fluoride in H2O systems, the greater population could be served, increasing the dental wellness of all persons, particularly the young person and salvaging dollars from inordinate wellness attention costs ( ADA, 2009 ) . Remember, a small bar now can travel a long manner subsequently.MentionsADA ( 2005 ) .Fluoridation Facts: ADA st atement marking the sixtieth day of remembrance of community H2O fluoridization. Retrieved October 19, 2009 from www.ada.org/public/topics/fluoride/facts/fluoridation_facts.pdf ADA. ( 2007 ) . ADA Guidelines to Dental Therapeutics. Retrieved October 23, 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ada.org/prof/resources/pubs/advocacy.asp ADA ( 2009 ) . Fluoride: Nature ‘s tooth decay combatant. J of the Am. Dental Ass. , 140 ( 1 ) , 126-126. Alphajoh, C. ( 2009 ) . ( PhD Student ) . Service Learning Activity: Environmental Health. Walden University. Assessed November 13, 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //environmentalhealthtoday.wordpress.com/2009/05/13/commentary-and-position-statement-on-the-safety-and-efficacy-of-water-fluoridation/ Aoba, T. , & A ; Fejerskov, O. ( 2002 ) . Dental fluorosis: Chemistry and biological science. Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med. , 13 ( 2 ) , 155-170. Bowden, G. ( 1990 ) . Effectss of fluoride on the microbic ecology of dental plaque. J Dent Res 1990 ; 69 ( particular issue ) :653—9 Brunelle, J. ( 1987. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in U.S. kids. J Dent Res. ( Particular issue ) 68:995. Bunker, J.P. , Frazier, H.S. , & A ; Mosteller, F. ( 1994 ) . Bettering wellness: measurement effects of medical attention. Milbank Quarterly,72, 225-58. Burt, B. ( 1989 ) . ( Ed. ) . Proceedings for the workshop: Cost-effectiveness of cavities bar in dental public wellness, Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 17 — 19, 1989. J Public Health Dent 1989 ; 49 ( particular issue ) :331 — 7. Burt, B.A. , & A ; Eklund, S.A. ( 1999 ) . Dentistry, dental pattern, and the community. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: WB Saunders Company, 204-20. CDC ( 1999 ) . Ten great public wellness accomplishments – United States, 1900 – 1999. MMWR,48 ( 12 ) , 214-243. CDC ( 2001a ) . Promoting unwritten wellness: intercession for forestalling dental cavities, unwritten and pharyngeal malignant neoplastic diseases and sport-related craniofacial hurts – a study on recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR 2001, 50 ( 21 ) , 1-12. CDC. ( 2001 ) . Recommendations for utilizing fluorideto prevent and control dental cavities in the United States. MMWR ( Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ) , 50 ( RR14 ) , 1-42. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5014a1.htm. CDC ( 2005 ) . Surveillance for dental cavities, dental sealers, tooth keeping, edentulism, and enamel fluorosis-United States, 1988-1994 and 1999- 2002. MMWR ( Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ) Surveill Summ, 54 ( 3 ) , 1-43.http: //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5403a1.htm. Clarkson, J. , & A ; McLoughlin, J. ( 2000 ) . Role of fluoride in unwritten wellness publicity. Int. Dent. J. , 50 ( 3 ) , 119-128. DenBesten, P.K. , & A ; Thariani, H. ( 1992 ) . Biological mechanisms of fluorosis and degree and timing of systemic exposure to fluoride with regard to fluorosis. J. Dent. Res. , 71 ( 5 ) , 1238-1243. Downer, M. , Blinkhorn, A. , & A ; Attwood, D. ( 1981 ) . Consequence of fluoridization on the cost of dental intervention among urban Scots school kids. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1981 ; 9:112 — 6. Fejerskov, O. , Larsen, M.J. , Richards, A. , & A ; Baelum, V. ( 1994 ) . Dental tissue effects of fluoride. Adv. Dent. Res. 8 ( 1 ) , 15-31. Garcia, A. ( 1989 ) . Caries incidence and costs of bar plans. J Public Health Dent 1989:49 ( particular issue ) :259 — 71 Health and Human Services ( 2000 ) . Healthy people 2010 ( 2nd ed. ) . With understanding and bettering wellness. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Li, Y. , Liang, C. , Slemenda, C.W. , Ji, R. , Sun, S. , Cao, J. , Emsley, C.L. , Ma, F. , Wu, Y. , Ying, P. , Zhang, Y. , Gao, S. , Zhang, W. , Katz, B.P. , Niu, S. , Cao, S. , & A ; Johnston, Jr. , C.C. 2001. Effectss of long-run exposure to fluoride in imbibing H2O on hazards of bone breaks. J. Bone Miner. Res. 16 ( 5 ) :932-939. Meskin, L. ( 1995. ( Ed. ) .Caries diagnosing and hazard appraisal: a reappraisal of preventative schemes and direction. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 1995 ; 126 ( suppl ) :15 — 245. National Research Council ( 2006 ) . Fluoride in imbibing H2O: A scientific reappraisal of EPA ‘s criterions. Retrieved October 20, 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //books.nap.edu/openbook.php? record_id=11571 & A ; page=3. McDonagh, M. , Whiting, P. , Wilson, P. , Sutton, A. , Chestnutt, I. , Cooper, J. , Misso, K. , Bradley, M. , Treasure, E. , & A ; Jos, K. ( 2000 ) . Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation. BMJ 2000 ; 321:885-889. Murray, J. ( 1993 ) .Efficacy of preventative agents for dental cavities. Systemic fluorides: H2O fluoridization. Caries Res. 27 ( suppl 1 ) :2 — 8 Public Health Service. ( 1991 ) . Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health and Related Programs. Review of fluoride: benefits and hazard. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Featherstone, J. ( 1999 ) . Prevention and reversal of dental cavities: function of low degree fluoride. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1999 ; 27:31 — 40. Koulourides, T. ( 1990 ) . Summary of session II: fluoride and the cavities procedure. J Dent Res 1990 ; 69 ( particular issue ) :558. Sowers, M.F. , Whitford, G.M. , Clark, M.K. , & A ; Jannausch, M.L. ( 2005 ) . Elevated serum fluoride concentrations in adult females are non related to breaks and bone mineral denseness. J. Nutr. 135 ( 9 ) :2247-2252. US Environmental Protection Agency. ( 1998 ) . Maximum contaminant degrees for inorganic contaminations. Code of Federal Regulations:40 CFR Part 141.62:402. US Environmental Protection Agency. ( 1998 ) . National secondary imbibing H2O ordinances. Code of Federal Regulations: 40 CFR Part 143 ; 514 — 7. Van Loveren, C. ( 1990 ) . The antimicrobic action of fluoride and its function in cavities suppression. J Dent Res. ( Particular issue ) 69:676—81 Viswanathan, G. , Jaswanth, A. , Gopalakrishnan, S. & A ; Siva ilango, S. ( 2009 ) . Function of fluoride endemic countries and appraisal of fluoride exposure. Science of the Total Environment, 407 ( 5 ) , 1579-1587. Accessed on November 12, 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org Whitford, G.M. ( 1994 ) . Intake and metamorphosis of fluoride. Adv. Dent. Res. 8 ( 1 ) , 5-14.

Science Friction Lab Report

I. Purpose/Problem/Question Which type of friction is the largest force – static, sliding, or rolling? Which is the smallest? II. Background Information From our previous activities that we did in class, I know that static friction is a very large force. The force is larger than rolling, sliding, and fluid friction. I also learned that rolling friction is the smallest type of force. This information may connect to my final analysis. III. Hypothesis If static friction is the largest force, then either sliding or rolling friction have to be the smallest force. IV. Experiment Materials * Scissors String * Textbook (covered) * Spring scale (force meter) * 3 to 4 wooden or metal rods Procedure Cut a piece of string, and tie it in a loop that fits in the textbook. Hook the string to the spring scale. Practice the three steps several times before you collect data. To measure next the static friction between the book and the table, pull the spring scale very slowly. Record the largest force on the scale before the book starts to move. After the book begins to move, you can determine the sliding friction. Record the force required to keep the book sliding at a slow, constant speed.Place two or three rods under the book to act as rollers. Make sure the rollers are evenly spaced. Place another roller in front of the book so that the book will roll onto it. Pull the spring scale slowly, Measure the force needed to keep the book rolling at a constant speed. V. Data/Results | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Average| Static Friction | 4 N| 7 N| 6 N| 5. 67 N| Rolling Friction| 1 N| 2 N| 1 N| 1. 33 N| Sliding Friction| 4 N| 4 N| 5 N| 4. 33 N| Experimental Error: No cover on textbook. VI. Analysis I found out that static friction has the most amount of force than the others.The smallest amount of force was the rolling friction. It was by far a smaller force than static friction. Static friction had an average of 5. 67 N of force while rolling friction only had an average of 1. 33 N of force. Just for the record, sliding friction had an average of 4. 33 N of force. In this experiment, I learned that static friction has more force than I thought it did. In the beginning, I thought it was a very small force because I connected the word â€Å"static† to the static we watch on television when there is no connection.That is why I though that it was a weak force. It turned out to be the other way around. I did do one experimental error which was that there was no cover on the textbook I was using. Some other experimental errors could have been that the wooden planks were defected or the spring scale was defected. Some human errors might have been that I read the spring scale wrong. Another error would be that when I calculated static friction, the book might’ve slid without me noticing. The results I came up with at the end turned out to be the way I predicted.My results did in fact support my hypothesis. VII. Conclusion After all the experimentat ion, I figured out that static friction is the largest force of rolling and sliding friction, and that rolling friction is the smallest of the forces. VIII. Post Lab Questions Q: Which type of friction was the largest? Which was the smallest? A: The largest type of friction was static friction. The smallest was rolling friction. Q: Do the results support your hypothesis? If not, how would you revise or retest your hypothesis?A: The results do support my hypothesis. Q: Compare your results with those of another group. Are there any differences? By working together, design a way to improve the experiment and resolve possible differences. A: In the group that I compared with, the results were not that different. The results were infact very similar. The only thing that had a big jump was the average of the static friction. My average was 5. 67 N and his was 7. 33 N. I think this is because I did not have a cover on the textbook, but he did.

Tsunami Mitigation Essays

Japan and Earthquake/Tsunami Mitigation Essays Japan and Earthquake/Tsunami Mitigation Paper Japan and Earthquake/Tsunami Mitigation Paper Mitigation efforts are the most genealogical of anywhere in the world, and ensuring people are prepared for such events has been an important task since the last devastating earthquake in 1995 in the city of Kobo. These efforts include building codes, early warning systems, coastline defenses and various others. Even after a year, Japan is still reeling from this event, and one wonders If they will ever bounce back from such a blow to their landscape, their people, and their economy. The questions to be asked then are why did so many people perish In this disaster (even with the most advanced warning yester), and what can Japan do to revivalist itself with regards to physical, cultural, and economical adaptations? Japans Earthquake History The people of Japan have been recording their earthquakes since the dawn of imperialism at least 1600 years ago (Presses, 2011) and have since had various explanations for these rumblings. According to Japanese folklore, the earthquakes were caused by an enormous catfish named Amaze who was buried in the ground and subsequently would cause the quakes with the shaking of his tail (Presses, 2011). Even with the modern era, naturalists would write off earthquakes as being enmeshment for greedy people by the gods. Only until recently have investigating the real cause of these earthquakes come to fruition. Japan Lies within the Ring of Fire, an area In the Pacific Ocean subject to much cells actively, and Is situated where 4 of these great lithospheres plates (the Pacific, the Philippine, the Eurasian and the North American plate) collide and scrape past each other. Most of the earthquakes occur along Japans northern expansive coastline, and more often than not are followed by tsunamis of varying height. These earthquakes can occur in two different laces: within a plate or between plate boundaries, or inland in shallow crystal areas (Chichi and Sago 2007). The latter of the two can cause more building damage, but with the earthquake being inland, they dont usually cause a tsunami. The March 1 lath Earthquake was the 3rd Great (7. 0 or higher on the Richter scale) earthquake of the 20th century: the first was the Kant earthquake (Stanley and Irving 2001) In 1923 which killed over 130,000 people (slated as the deadliest quake in Japans history), and the second was the 1995 Kobo earthquake which took the lives of over 5,000 people (2002). Amalgamation Techniques Pre-March 1 lath Japan has certainly always been the most prepared country with regards to earthquakes, especially vials-a-vials Its past quake events . Some areas are more protected than others, mostly in the northern coastal areas of the country. Before the March 1 lath earthquake, Japan set up a Wide Area Support System that would, in the event of an earthquake, immediately dispatch emergency response teams and other important rescue teams (EERIE 2011). Also, Japan has the only Earthquake warning system in the world, using state of the art technology to warn individuals of earthquakes before they happen and prior to the March 1 lath earthquake the system had never been used before MOM 2012). This system would allow for people to mitigate themselves by quickly ducking or removing themselves from potentially harmful situations MOM 2012). The way the system works is that it sends out alerts via social media, I. E. Allophones, television, radio, and internet sites, which in turn automatically shut off any energy and industrial sites and halts transportation services such as buses and subways (Knight 2011).  Also in the event of an earthquake, special buoys are set up out in the ocean that can detect the presence of an abnormally sized wave passing by, ultimately forecasting a tsunami (Knight 2011). There are also mitigation techniques that can reduce the damage done to areas with lots of infrastructure. New buildings are being constructed with strict earthquake safety codes, and some of the older buildings are being retrofitted with some of these techniques. Structures have deeper foundations with some bases being able to move semi-independently from the rest of the structure in order to reduce resistance in he event of an earthquake (Empiric 2011). Shock absorbers are also being installed so as to allow the building to sway back and forth with the earthquake waves rather than resist and fail to hold up (Empiric 2011). All of these techniques are probably what saved many of the buildings inland that felt the shakes from the March 1 lath earthquake. This does not account for why then so many people still died. What Went Wrong? The problem for the people of the Took region in Japan that day, March 1 lath, may not have been the soaring 9. 0 magnitude of the earthquake, but rather the inability to properly forecast the height of the impending tsunami. It has been determined in fact that the cause of most of the 20,000+ deaths that day (around 90%) was actually drowning (EERIE 2011). The tsunami caused much more damage than the earthquake did, suggesting that indeed Japans earthquake mitigation efforts are in fact top of the line. What is lacking however is how Japan mitigates itself against tsunami waves, especially ones of this scale. The system that was in order before March 1 lath would try to estimate the exact size of the wave in the event on an earthquake. After a magnitude 8. Or higher earthquake struck, it was hard for the system to determine the size of the wave, and it would often drastically underestimate (Crankily 2011). The system would determine a size from the initial waves of the earthquake, but ones of 8. 0 or higher can often last longer as well (Crankily 2011). Because of this, they can often increase in magnitude as time goes on. The initial earthquake waves suggested that the tsunami would only be 3 meters high, but a minute later the earthquake had reached a 9. 0 magnitude and the actual size was an astonishing 10 meters (Crankily 2011). This was only discovered 20 minutes after the initial showplace, and by then it was almost too late. The evacuating process of the affected coastal cities was slow as most people were maltreatment Tanat ten wave would a De smaller (Crankily 2 ) IT ten Minimal readings had been correct, coastal areas would have had 20-40 minutes to evacuate to high ground, rather than be less concerned with this because of misinformation. Many lives could potentially have been saved, so it is a great disappointment that a mistake like this was made that day. Revitalization a Nation: Mitigation Post March lath There is no doubt that Japans morale was seriously battered after the magnitude 9. 0 earthquake and subsequent tsunami. Whole cities had been destroyed, and hundreds of thousands of people had been left homeless. But what measures could be taken to revivalist the country and allow for its residents to heal and not have to live in fear of history repeating itself? The question now was whether or not Japan could use this disaster as a way of making sure something of this magnitude of disaster could never reoccur. Post March 1 lath, the government has been planning ND researching different ways to provide significant warning of earthquakes and their tsunamis, and new technologies are in the process of being developed. Japan has come up with ways of using outer space and the sea floor as new areas of mitigation. The government is in talks of laying out seismograph-connected cables near plate boundaries in order to detect possible increases in seismic energy (or increased pressure in subsection zones)(2012). Along with this, they would set up devices for observation purposes near the troublesome trench so as to keep a constant eye on the area for sudden movements (2012). These techniques will counter the problem associated with the Japan Meteorological Agency with accurately measuring an earthquake higher than an 8. On the Richter scale. Along with the sea floor devices, satellites in space will also be put to good use in the event of an earthquake. The satellites will take pictures of impending tsunamis and determine their size with the birds-eye-view they will have associated with being in space (2012). To make sure communication with satellites isnt disturbed in the event of an earthquake, extra-large dishes will be employed that can converse with these titillates via cellophane networks (2012). In the event of an emergency, this will be a lot more reliable. Experts have also suggested that more building mitigation must be installed on tsunami affected coastlines. Higher sea walls might mean better protection from a tsunami, and flood gates in areas with ports could possibly reduce the chance of important waterways being destroyed (Dangler 2011). All of these mitigation efforts are however extremely expensive, and some people are wondering if it would even be of Japans best interest to bother now as catastrophic events such s the one on March 1 lath are tremendously rare. Could it be beneficial for Japan to mitigate now rather than waiting? I believe yes. Although costly now, mitigation efforts will make sure that the economic woes this disaster brought on Japan wont happen again. In the long-run, it will be beneficial. Some more natural mitigation techniques can be instated as well. There are ways to make sure tsunami waves may subside before hitting densely populated areas. Developing artificial coral reefs on tsunami affected coasts have been known to slow down waves by acting as a natural barrier. These would also help to install a refection coastal habitat for ocean creatures, and possibly revivalist any damage done to the disaster affected fishing industries. This type of mitigation is especially important in areas where communities are reclaiming land from the ocean (Stood ) Also Important Is to plant sense vegetation along coastlines sun as mangroves or sturdy trees that could also act as a barrier against tsunamis. These can also provide animals with sufficient habitats and rejuvenate ecosystems that may have been damaged along the devastated coastal areas. Individuals can help themselves as well by educating themselves on earthquakes ND tsunamis, and by making sure they know a route that they can take to higher ground in the event of such a thing. In more ideal situation, individuals could also relocate themselves more inland so as to avoid high impact areas. This isnt as easy to do however, so making an escape route plan is the best option. In some communities, people have regular evacuation drills that are organized and helpful in the event of a tsunami (EERIE 2011). In the areas that have these drills, most people were able to escape before the tsunami hit on March 1 lath (EERIE 2011). The hopes of al these ideas for continuing the safety of the affected regions is that people will accept them and realize that they can help in ensuring their own safety and those around them, but also to give them a base support of mitigation so that they dont have to do it all on their own. The Quest for a Nuclear Phase Out This would not be a paper on the events of March 1 lath if it were not to mention the subsequent nuclear disaster that occurred as a result of the tsunami. As of right now, the 4 of the reactors at the Fuchsia nuclear plant are in stage 7 meltdown the highest a meltdown can be (Strickland 2011). After the initial earthquake, the plant automatically shut down, and emergency generators began running in order to maintain the cooling of the reactors. However, after the tsunami flooded the generator rooms, they ceased to work, and the reactors began to overheat (Strickland 2011). Subsequent to this, there have been several hydrogen explosions and related deaths. Future deaths due to overexposure to radiation have been calculated to be very high, even though a 20 km radius around the plant was evacuated (Strickland 2011). This meltdown was the largest nuclear disaster to happen since the Coherency assister in 1986, even though it was only about 1/10th the size of Coherency. Overnight, Japans opinion on their dependency on nuclear energy was changed. Why would a country so prone to devastating earthquakes rely so heavily on fragile nuclear power plants? And why hasnt Japan harnessed its abundant geothermal energy? Nuclear power makes up 19% of Japans electricity producers, and geothermal is less than 1%. First, the negatives of this safer energy must be laid out so as to see why it might not immediately be accessible. For one thing, the cost of building geothermal power plants is very high, as large areas are needed. The initial drilling into the earth is also very expensive. Geothermal power can also be a little unreliable, as forces within the earth sometimes take breaks and may not go back online for years in some cases. Considering all of these, I believe that the advantages heavily outweigh the disadvantages, especially for a country such as Japan. Geothermal plants, though expensive at first, can quickly pay themselves off with the amount of electricity that can be produced. The energy that comes out of it is much cleaner, and there are no devastating effects that this energy can have on the surrounding environment (not like nuclear). If Japan instated more geothermal plants Walt capacities AT 2 u megawatts can (Mamma Ana Slumlord 2 megawatts of energy could be produced from it alone (Toothily 2011). Considering their location on the ring of fire, Japan could easily build plants in many areas and harness the forces that are so often devastating to them as a nation. The geothermal plants that already do exist in the country were able to remain online even during the earthquake that stalled so many nuclear plants. More than 80% of Japans population has gone anti-nuclear, and are rallying in support of shutting down all nuclear plants, ND phasing it out completely. With this amount of support, the Japanese government is seriously considering this idea, and will hopefully make the switch within the next few decades. Here in Vancouver: The Wait Continues Being in Vancouver, another city in the Ring of Fire, one must consider that something as devastating as the March 1 lath earthquake could happen right here as well. Immediately after the events of that day, Vancouver went into evaluating its own situation and what mitigation could be done her to ensure that a disaster like that wont have the same effects as it did on the Japanese. Earthquake preparedness journals were abundant afterwards, with advice on what to do in the event of a large earthquake, and what items you may need to ensure that you can stay safe during and after the event. March 1 lath also made people worry if the seismic upgrades given to some of the older structures in Vancouver would be able to withstand an earthquake with a magnitude like the one in Japan. Like Japan, Vancouver could be subject to either an offshore super quake or a shallower more devastating inland quake. Are we prepared for such an occurrence? Also prevalent in the Lower Mainland are infrastructure built on sandy deltas that could liquefy in minutes in the event of an earthquake. I dont believe that our mitigation efforts are at all on par with Japan, and we would likely suffer greatly in the event of a super quake, let alone from a tsunami that could devastate Vancouver Island. We need to prepare more heavily for such an event, and ready ourselves individually so that we are not taken by surprise if and when this occurs. Japans Future Japan has in its past displayed many innovative and technologically forward efforts in the field of earthquake mitigation. This is why the potentially devastating 9. 0 earthquake on March 1 lath managed to cause much less damage than it could have without the proper mitigation already in place. What Japan had not accounted for was a 10 meter tsunami that would stand to bring down the celebration of successful earthquake mitigation with a giant wall of water. The country had not secured itself against such an event, and this is why so many thousands of people perished that day. To say that there is a silver lining in all of this seems insensitive, but true. As a result of the tsunami, the government is taking all steps necessary to cake sure that what happened on March 1 lath will be the last time devastation and loss of life is a subsequent result of a tsunami. Of course, there is no way to prevent tsunamis from happening in the first place, but there are things that can done to make sure it doesnt affect people in the same way that it did. I believe in this way that the future of Japan looks bright, and that a country this strong and supportive of its people can only move forward from here. Reference List: Presses, D 2011 Holsters earthquakes In Japan.

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Final Exam - Essay Example Tyrants consolidate powers that they use in ruling the masses to accept what they impose. One of the characters that prove that Pericles was not a tyrant is his approach of doing things. For instance, he was able to use the majority of the people in the assembly to pass resolutions that restricted Areopagus when his main political challenger was away in Sparta. The resolutions were not meant to benefit him but were for the good of the citizens. He managed to pass legislation that gave people powers and created institutions where citizens would have the rights of voting and to contest for political positions (History World 12). Therefore, he managed to overcome tyrant’s characters by widening the democratic space for citizens. Secondly, Pericles was a changed leader once he took over leadership. He was willing to give back to the people hence attracted more citizens who came to his support. This is also evidenced when King of Sparta, Archidamus, asked Thucydides whether he was a better fighter than Pericles. He answered that Pericles was better because he can convince the audience that he has won in cases where he is defeated. He was also above reproach by citizens since he was clean from corruption (History World 15). The character he displays does not portray one who is a tyrant, but an individual who consults with others in doing things. In other instances, Thucydides had admired the leadership style of Pericles where he acknowledges that Athen was in the name of democracy with first citizens governing it. Through this comment, he acknowledges the charismatic leadership style which Pericles showed where he was able to convince and manipulate. Similarly, there is no accusation labeled against Pericles, but instead his opponent focuses on his integrity (History World 16). Lastly, Pericles was not carried away by people; instead, he provided guidance to the people. He acted as a public charismatic figure and as an advocate on the advisors proposals.

Surface engineering technology used in industry for surface Essay

Surface engineering technology used in industry for surface modification( i.e surface treatment-surface thermo-chemical tratment - Essay Example This has been made feasible because steel is strong, flexible, and durable, thus, making it a suitable material for construction. However, there are instances where some modifications have to be made to the metal to make it suitable for some types of construction. The resolve to have steel that is strong, tough, wear, and shock resistant leads engineers to manipulate the surface of the metal, leaving its inner core intact (Davis, 2003). This process is called surface hardening of steel, and it can be done in many ways. Surface hardening techniques can be grouped into two main categories; local thermal treatment and thermochemical processes. The choice of treatment to be used depends on engineering requirement s as well as commercial competition. In this section, this article presents an overview of the procedures used to harden the surface of steel. Each describes the procedures involved in the two categories. 1.1 Thermo-Chemical Processes Engineers modify the local chemical composit ion of steel at the surfaces by induction of nitrogen, carbon or both. Sometimes they may also use boron. The techniques used in this category depend on the method of heat treatment applied and can further be broken down into four subcategories: i. Pack processes such as metalizing and pack carburizing ii. Salt-bath processes such as carbonitriding (cyanide hardening) iii. Gaseous processes such as gas nitriding and gas carburizing iv. Vacuum based processes including ion nitriding, carburizing, and plasma nitriding The most salient features of these processes are the processing temperature, mechanical properties and depth of the case, as well as the service behavior of the case’s core composite. Temperature is particularly significant because it affects the level of distortion directly. 1.1.1 Nitriding This can only be done on materials that have already been hardened and tempered. It produces better results when used with a range of alloys of steel that form stable nitrides such as vanadium, aluminium, tungsten, chromium, and molybdenum. The resultant nitrides are dispersed evenly throughout the surface of steel. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a nitriding process. The process occurs at around 540 degrees Celsius where distortion does not take place. The nitride layer on the surface of the metal makes it expand, thus creating large, compressive stresses that in turn increase surface hardness and improve fatigue strength. In addition, the process also results in steel that has a reduced friction coefficient. Nitriding is, therefore, the best method to use when developing surfaces that are intended to minimize friction such as crank shafts and ball bearings. Advantages of Nitriding 1. It is easy to control the nitrogen